Project management

Project management is a branch of management science disciplines, refers to the use of project activities specialized knowledge, skills, tools and methods, so that the project can be limited under the conditions of limited resources, to achieve or exceed the needs and expectations set. Project management is successful in reaching some set of objectives and related activities (such as tasks) as a whole. This includes planning, scheduling and maintaining progress of the activities of components.

Introduction
"A project is a temporary organization (temporary) efforts to pay, over a period of time prior confirmation, the use of predetermined resources to output a unique (unique) and can be predefined product, service or result."
"Project management is the use of management knowledge, tools, and techniques to project activities to reach a settlement of the problem or project to achieve the project's needs." So-called management includes leadership (leading), organization (organizing), the employer (staffing), plan (planning), control (controlling) and other five major work.
Project Management (Project Management): the use of a variety of related knowledge, skills, methods and tools, in order to meet or exceed the project concerned demands and expectations of the project, carried out by a variety of planning, organizing, leading, controlling other aspects of the activities .

Basic features
Universality
Project as a one-off and unique social activities prevalent in our human society's activities, and even can be said that humans various existing material and cultural achievements are initially through the project means to achieve, because various existing operators rely on facilities and conditions are initially by the project activity construction or development.
Purpose
Project management of purpose through carry out the project management activities to ensure that meet or exceed the project-related aspects clearly stated project goals or targets and meet the project concerned not clearly defined the potential demand and pursuit.
Uniqueness
Project management is unique is the project management is different from the general production operations management, but also different from the conventional government and unique management content, is a completely different management activities.
Integration
Project management integration is the project's management must be based on specific project elements or the professional arrangement relationship between good integration management, and can not be isolated to carry out projects of various professional or professional managed independently.
Innovative
Project management innovation has two meanings: a project management object (that is, each specific project) itself has certain degree of innovation, so the management of the project also includes a very good innovation.

History

Summary
Project management is developed in the late World War II, a significant new management techniques, originated in the United States. Representative project management techniques such as critical pathway method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), Gantt chart (Gantt chart) put forward, they are two independently developed technologies.
Gantt chart (Gantt chart) called Gantt chart, bar chart (Bar chart). It was invented in World War I, and to Henry · L · Mr. Gantt named, he developed a complete progress bar chart with a sign system.
Where CPM is DuPont and the RAND Corporation in 1957 proposed joint research, it assumes that each activity is to determine the value of working time, with emphasis on costs and cost control.
PERT appeared in 1958, by the Naval Special Projects Agency and Lockheed airlines in the planning and research in nuclear submarine launch of the "Polaris" missile program in the first place. The difference is that the CPM, PERT the operation time is uncertain, is a method to estimate the probability estimates, while it is also not very concerned project costs and cost, time control focus is mainly used contains large amounts of Large-scale uncertainties research projects.
PMP certificate sample
Subsequently two are consistent development trend is often used in combination, in order to achieve optimal control of time and cost.
1960s, project management application is also confined to the construction, defense and aerospace and a few other areas, but because the project management in the U.S. Apollo moon landing project a great success, which swept the globe. Internationally, many people began to project management has generated strong interest, and gradually formed two project management research system, one based on the European-led system - International Project Management Association (IPMA); Also the US-led System - Project Management Institute (PMI). In the past 30 years, their fruitful work to promote international project management has played an active role in modernization.
History of development of project management experts in the 1980s as the boundary of the project management is divided into two stages.
Project Management (project management) is an American first name of the Manhattan Project began. Professor Hua 1950s after the introduction of China (due to historical reasons and the optimization method called co-ordination). Taiwan Province called Project project.
Project management is "management science and engineering" discipline is a branch, is between the natural sciences and the social sciences between a cross-disciplinary.

Developing
World crisis of the Cold War (Soviet launch of Sputnik) prior to project management not useful to do a separate concept. After the crisis, the U.S. Department of Defense needs to accelerate the progress of the project as well as the military accomplish this goal invented new tools (models). In 1958, the United States invented the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), as the Polaris missile submarine program. At the same time, DuPont invented a similar model to become the critical path method (CPM). PERT was later work breakdown structure (WBS) been extended. Military tasks and structure of such a process flow quickly spread into many private enterprises.
As time goes on, more guidance methods have been devised, these methods can be used to formally describe precisely how the project is being managed. These methods include the PMBOK (PMBOK), Personal Software Process (PSP), Team Software Process (TSP), IBM Global project management methodology (WWPMM), PRINCE2. These techniques attempt to standardize the development activities of the group, making it easier predict, manage and track.
Project Management Critical findings: Many PERT-based models are not suitable for today's multi-project company environment. These models most suitable for large-scale, one-off, unconventional projects, while the contemporary management of all activities with expressed in terms of the project. So, for those last several weeks "Project" (even as it is the task) using complex models in many cases lead to unnecessary costs and low maneuverability. Therefore, the project to identify different lightweight models, such as software development, Extreme Programming and Scrum techniques. For other types of projects undertaken by a generalization of Extreme Programming approach is called extreme project management.





Management methods
Risk Control
*By controlling the risk to manage the project.
*Created and maintained for each project risk statistics.
*Trace roots of risks, not just the last nasty results.
*Assessment of the probability of each risk concrete and possible overhead.
*For each risk, predictive signs early signs of its concrete.
*Appointment of a risk control officer, this person should not maintain the organization "can do" attitude.
*Create a simple (probably anonymous) channel, so that the bad news can be delivered to the top.
Ten Principles
1) must first sharpen his tools;
2 )correct, the words ring true, the words ring true then nothing will be accomplished;
3 ) of their body is not to make the trip;
4 ) Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste;
5 ) Preparation may quicken the work;
6 ) balanced;
7 ) No rules no standards;
8 ) haste makes waste;
9 ) Many hands make light;
10) I do not know words, no to Appreciating also.
Precautions
1, the project team was established
Set up a project group is the first element of the success of the project, no project group, project management will be impossible. Set up a project group generally includes the following aspects: project background, objectives, leadership group, execution groups, schedules, etc. Project Background and objectives set relatively easy to determine, but the leadership group and the group performed the establishment of the project team will test the wisdom.
First, the project leader team leader who, under normal circumstances, large projects, will find a people in high positions of power re-play leader, however, that people are generally more things, a business trip for a long time, hard to really participate to the operation of the project were. On the other hand, he need only look to control the direction and control of pace. So, you can let the person authorized to conduct a comprehensive, looking for a job a little low, but the body can be one of the people involved in the project to assist people to play.
Second, the project implementation group personnel arrangements, involving several departments, to arrange several department heads. Here we must know that, although the department responsible for the project team responsible person executed, but in practice often arrange department head to one of the men involved, so arrange this man's work, the need for timely notification department heads, if not , the need for timely substitutions.
2, pay attention to corporate direction
The existence of a project team with the goal of not just whether a project work completed, the company may also focus on whether the work is changed, it is the company "wind" changed.
The original corporate executives are very concerned about the project, and slowly became no longer cared for, and this time, you have to pay attention to, whether you want to stop the project team. The project team's focus is not static, a certain stage what work needs to be done, what kind of work is the key, what work is outdated, the project leader must have a high sensitivity.
Winds from the business enterprise can work each month and about 12 regular meeting next month, what is the focus of the work, generally in the high-level working briefing document. As project leader of it, to understand what the project team needs to strengthen its efforts to do what is already done and can no longer continue. You can not wait until high-level direct telephone, allowing the project to do, you know, "wind" has been changed.
3, project planning and incentive
In general, the project team set up, the project will be planned and incentives. Project team planning including time content planning, project division of labor, the project system. Once the project starts, the project into operation among the posting notice what time, what time the material in place, what time to start regular work, do marketing, channel unit what to do, these must be clear.
The project can not be less incentive, many business managers believe that the project team is arranged by the company, do not need any motivation.
The author does not agree with this view, the project staff after all "extra" work, there must be incentives to stimulate. Author believes that: the project team with positive incentive-based, there is little incentive small projects, big projects with large incentives, disincentives used with caution.
Sometimes the term, some department heads to participate much, he just arrange subordinate staff involved in the project group, this time need not inspire? Author considers it necessary, because after all he is project participants boss, subordinates his attitude determines the level of participation, therefore, the need for incentives.
4, strict supervision
People are born are inert and can drag on drag, this time, it is necessary to strictly supervise. Authors believe: no urge no results. Urge not only direct face to face ask others to do things, you can have a variety of ways. For example: Project meeting, bulk mail, schedule notification, etc.
Project Team Leader to learn some "upward management" tools, such as e-mail, such as letters of liaison work, job reminders. Project leader can not handle things, you may see your work reminds executives, a telephone on the arrangements implemented, so be sure to learn how to use these tools.
The project team will always be some people diligent little lazy some people some of the time we should reward those who actively urge the latecomers. Stage can be used to reward regular briefing, who should be well rewarded promptly.
5, diligent communication
Diligent communication, dare to communicate, whether it is on, or the next, are necessary.
First is, be sure to project leadership team leader with good communication, bold communication, diligent reporting, especially early in the project, senior leaders do not understand you, I do not know whether you can be competent, therefore, you will scruples, afraid you can not afford, this time, you have the courage to express yourself, show your position: I can.
Projects into the normal track, the communication can not be less, so that the leaders must know the progress of the project in a timely manner, their hearts bottom.
The next communication, we should be bold "harassment" of others, in addition to supervision, and ask others to do things, but also find time for pulling homemade, talk about the heart of the class. If the project funds permitting, the project team can have dinner, sports activities, etc., to enhance communication.
6, the working charm
Finally and very important point of view, to tell me the same level of colleagues "for" you do things, the authors believe, not just the project team gives you the right to reward and punishment, more work is your personal charm can infect them. Project team leader must take the lead to do, speed, style, professional, are indispensable. They must do a good job, doing positive than others, more professional, more investment, you just may go touched each other, to encourage each other.

Form of management
1, A set of project management specialized agencies, specialized management of projects. Large-scale projects, job complexity, time constraints; project uncertainty, there are many new technologies, new situations and new problems need to continue to study and solve; Moreover, implementation of the project involves many departments and units, the need for mutual cooperation, collaboration research. Thus, this should be set individually specialized agencies, with some full-time staff, specialized management of projects.
2, set the project full-time management staff, professional management of projects. Some of the smaller size of the project, work less complicated, and time is not too tight, not many projects uncertainties involved units and departments are not many, but the outlook is uncertain, we still need to strengthen the organization and coordination, for this project can only appoint full-time staff: coordinated management to help enterprises with the relevant leaders in charge of the various departments and units to contact the tasks, supervision and inspection and, if necessary, can also be a full-time staffing assistant.
3, set the project manager, the project management of the temporary authorization. Some projects of scale, complexity, involving the amount somewhere between the surface and the coordination between the two cases, for such projects, the need to set up specialized agencies is not too large, set the project full-time staff are also worried that fewer personnel strength thin difficult to be competent, or give business leaders concerned to increase the amount of unnecessary administration, you can put the first form of specialized agencies set up by the designated authorities to replace, you can set the second form of full-time coordinator to replace by the project officer and temporarily granted the appropriate authority, the competent authorities or officers of the original functions into full play the role or job responsibilities at the same time, solely responsible for the planning, organization and control.
4, set the matrix form of organization structure, the integrated management of the project. The so-called "matrix" is a concept borrowed mathematics matrix column to multiple cells by rampant combined into a rectangle. Matrix structure is managed by a system consisting of two vertical and horizontal rectangular structure. - Sleeve is vertical departmental functions system, another set is composed of horizontal project by the project system. The project system is running transverse to the longitudinal departmental functions overlap between the two systems together, we form a matrix.

Embody qualities
Project management is a leading people to achieve goals under conditions of uncertainty art. "Attention, project management is the" art "rather than" science. "Dealing with uncertainty no dogma, no shortcuts, however, and other art, you can use the principles in project management, you can also learn from the experts project management. As a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Sports coaches at every game experience in dealing with uncertainty, project managers are learning a great example of effective project management. Given that, as a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Qualities one: managing
You can not eliminate uncertainty, but if you are in the right position on the right people, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.
Second qualities: full study
While uncertainty is not a choice, but that does not mean that the coaches in the game comes without preparation. Instead, they do a lot of research before the game work with their team members to see the video game - his team and the opponent before the game. They studied where playing well, where playing well, and needs to be improved. They analyze the other teams in how to deal with different game, his players and how do use these information to decide what should practice, what aspects need to organize, improve, how should against opponents and so on.
You should also lessons from previous projects, analyze what practices are effective and which are invalid. Similarly, while your opponent may not exist (though from an organizational point of view of political opponents you are there), you still need a clear understanding of your stakeholders. This includes what you want to know who will be the biggest impact, what's the greatest influence, and how to communicate with each stakeholder groups.
Third qualities: a plan
After doing a thorough research, the coach can integrate the use of information formed strategic approach to the game, the design style of play for the team to set specific goals. If the target is not reached, or the team are not effectively enforced - regardless of the process there is no adjustment programs - they will analyze the reasons before the next race.
Define the objectives and strategies for your project is equally important. You should not only consider the functional objectives, but also consider the performance target (using the terminology of the test, such as product performance, team performance, etc.). You should be level from the perspective of functionality, scheduling methods, team structure and the other angles, how to carry out the project to develop the strategy. Each project is different, "universal" approach is not desirable.
Fourth qualities: the gradual implementation
Although sports coaches to develop strategies and goals, and even specific preparations made a game, they do not put the whole game plan listed. To do so would seem ridiculous, because every game depends on the development of the game in the state of affairs as well as the specific circumstances of the race occurred. All play into a wide selection of toolbox. Even if you plan a very high level coaches will adjust strategies and objectives, to ensure victory. They phased plan competitions are often designed in a way to take time.
Your project must also be implemented gradually and constantly correct, repeat the process using the rolling plan or approach to the problem can not be accurately predicted in advance. Review by timing problems where problems occur you firmly in control of the scope (prerequisite is the number of repetitions is set in advance, or you have a way to know when the "game over").
You can also use the "script" rehearsal method. As coaches prepare a variety of play for a rainy day, as you can will be able to form alternative fitted to a list of things, put in your toolbox spare. This list is generally not part of the project plan, but as a working part of the content (for example, work breakdown structure can not be decomposed in the lowest level or the lowest level of work can be delivered), and these work-related personnel may, in appropriate When using this list, do a good job every detail.
Fifth qualities: Facing Changes
First, the concept of a coach, uncertainty is not an option. Opponents, the weather, the team's injury, other teams how to deal with each game and various other factors that are uncertain. Each coach is clear, though carefully planned in advance there, these uncertainties still exist. A good coach will expect that, due to the game, or what happened in a certain period, each program will have changed.
As a project manager, you also have to treat this idea the project preparation. Of course, you must analyze the risks, but also reserves the power to change plans when necessary, you may even need to set the stage pause, decide whether the program should be implemented as scheduled. In fact, if you are in the project initially recognized the existence of uncertainty and make a response plan, once the uncertain things happen, you will be more prepared to fight.
Six traits: use media
When you know the coach is most needed thing is to concentrate on planning and communication, you'll understand why a coach needs a variety of administrative support staff. Only means of communication between the players and the management and communication, but also communication with the public. Therefore, a coach must not only understand how to build and lead a team, but also know how to communicate with the media.
Similarly, the project manager also needs to concentrate on planning and communication. While not every project needs and the media to communicate, but most require open meetings and a group of stakeholders to communicate.
Aware of this, the smart project manager should learn public relations, communication and presentation skills. Research has shown that the evaluation of the success of a project is often based only on the frequency and effectiveness of communication, regardless of whether the project on schedule or within budget. With effective communication and public relations, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.

Implementation of the project

Work content
1, the project preliminary investigations, collect and collate relevant information, to develop a preliminary project feasibility study report, to provide advice to decision-makers. Synergies to develop and declare the project report material.
2, the project needs analysis and planning.
3, on the part of the project or module complete system design.
4, project objectives and project planning, project schedule.
5, project execution and control of the basic plan.
6, the establishment of project management information systems.
7, the project process control, with the upper management of the project should be well controlled.
8, tracking and analysis costs.
9, recorded and upper management to communicate project information.
10, managing project issues, risks and changes.
11, the project team building.
12, the project departments, members of the responsibilities, authority to develop
13, various departments and coordination between the project team and the organization of the project training.
14, process control operation of the project
15, the project manager and project evaluation.
16, understand and implement the company's long-term and short-term guidelines and policies to guide the company to carry out all the projects.
Tool
To realize the project of enterprise management, project management needs to meet a set of ideas management tool collar corporate executive and communication platform degree core mechanism is to realize the project of corporate management, life cycle management of both projects can also manage routine affairs can also be set up for the project products or customers, or even to specific staff for project management.
Project management software need to meet the following characteristics:
Simplify project management processes, lightweight project management
Reduce dependence on project managers, project members to participate in project management. Project Management Press "Project ? Tasks ? Event" means, "top-down" to carry out the work of the deployment, mobility and resource allocation. Project implementation will follow all of the information related to "Event ? Tasks ? Project" approach, "bottom up" to summarize the data and charts display technology.
Single comprehensive project management
In doing project management, the need to take into account all aspects of project management such as: project resource allocation, stage of the division, project milestones settings. Need to have a sound project task management, team management, financial management, contract management, document management, time management, and performance management.

Communication platform with the project
Only good communication, can we talk about project management. Collar degree in communications software platforms, using the activity stream mode recording project implementation process, the driving force of the project execution. By type of activity micro blogging stream the project implementation process of communication records, and synchronize the information related to the project, related to the tasks associated with the client, to associate colleagues. Such communication records will exist in the project activity streams, tasks, activity streams, customer activity stream, personal activity stream, to facilitate ex post fact, a knowledge of the essence to facilitate the formation of enterprise knowledge base record, conducive to tradition, on the other hand to eliminate information silos, reduce passing phenomenon, accountable, to avoid passing the buck between departments.

Multi-project management
To meet a single comprehensive project management, but also need to be competent multi-project management, project data will be refined into various dynamic graphics, providing a strong basis for decision making to management. For example, in multi-project management has the following data graphic:
1 Item lane diagram - show all project inputs and earnings;
2 Project dynamic map - show all projects to promote the situation;
3 Project time to evaluate - to show all the human cost of investment projects;
4 Project Quarterly Review - show all items of receipts, payments and contract funding tools;
5 Project Gantt chart - provides planning and tracking Gantt chart Gantt chart, you can master the task of planning and execution of tasks, to understand the progress of the work.

Advantage of online project management tools
1, sharing, easy to use
2, the process of the project and documentation to systematic management
3, lower cost
4, for distributed offices and telecommuting can be a free trial
5, very suitable for small and medium enterprises, some of the smaller version is available free of charge for a limited number of projects and users
6, provides a breakthrough in space and time constraints collaborative work management platform.

Online Project Management Tools Resources
At home and abroad for various industries are using online project management software: MyToDoListPHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, Wang Tian information Appfarm, Google Spreadsheets, etc. The online free (trial) project management software are: Zen project management software Basecamp, Comindwoork, GoPlan, Trikr, easy degrees (SaaS model), TeamOffice (SaaS model) and so on.
Which MyToDoList PHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, TeamOffice (SaaS model). SMEs and project teams is very suitable For some industries, because of its complex project management  most need to customize their project management processes, Wang Tian information Appfarm to meet these business needs.
Elements
As we all know, the project's execution management system in the framework of the project on time, quality, and quantity to complete the task of ability, he reflects the plans and objectives of the project implementation, hence improve project execution is good project management critical. But how can it improve project execution?
1 To carry out project supervision, management and supervision mechanism for the formation of
In project management, project monitoring team which established clear areas of responsibility, the establishment of monitoring systems, specifically on the implementation and results of the project supervision and inspection, effectively promote the project according to the scheduled time, progress, quality to complete, in order to ensure the implementation of the upgrade project.
2 improve management quality, and enhance awareness of the project execution
Project managers should have good coordination organizational skills, able to actively working with internal and external communication and coordination of multi-level personnel can adjust the atmosphere of the entire project team. In the face of critical or difficult issue, they can analyze problems, to guide project members to solve problems, develop project team members the ability to solve problems themselves.
Through education and guidance, so that each project managers know, the project's success is inseparable from good execution, when the scope of the project or plan has been determined, the execution becomes critical.
3. Improve project management responsibility, strict implementation of project management approach
Through efforts to create a culture of project execution, making sense of responsibility for project management of every worker intrinsic motivation. Emphasis on project management personnel in formulating management measures prior to carry out a feasibility study for the project implementation, provide the basis for the implementation basis. In the implementation, project management personnel in strict accordance with project management approach, to know how to perform, execute and to what extent. When the results did not achieve the desired goal, it is necessary to know the reasons for not running in place.
4 to create a good project execution environment, to ensure the quality of project implementation
Project management through regular meetings held so that project members for open communication, careful analysis and summary. Project management must establish a sense of quality, which all care about the quality, all of them pay attention to quality in our community.
5 process-oriented management to take timely preventive and corrective measures
In the project implementation process, the project manager on a regular or occasional feedback to the relevant leaders, so keep abreast of relevant leadership progress of project work for the timely evaluation of the process, while also leading the results timely feedback to project management persons, and suggestions for improvement requirements.

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Management by objective(MBO)

The meaning of management by objectives

"Management by objectives" concept is a management expert Peter Drucker (Peter Drucker) 1954 in his famous book "management practices" in the first proposed, then he also proposed "management by objectives and self-control" proposition. Drucker believes that work can not have goals, but on the contrary, with the goal to determine each person's work. Therefore, the "corporate mission and mandate, must be translated into the target", if a field without a goal, work in this area is bound to be overlooked. Therefore, managers should be managed through the target on the lower level, when the organization's most senior managers to determine the organization's goals, it must be effectively decomposed into various sub-sectors as well as individual goals, managers under the sub-target for the completion of subordinates to carry out assessment, evaluation and reward.

Management by objectives put forward, then it quickly spread in the United States. A time when Western economies after World War II by a recovery period of rapid development steering, enterprises need to adopt new methods to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees in order to improve competitiveness and the emergence of management by objectives described emerged, then widely used, and soon to Japan, Western Europe, companies emulate popular management community in the world.

Specific form of management by objectives vary, but the basic content is the same. The so-called management by objectives is a method or procedure that enables the organization in consultation with superiors and subordinates, according to the organization's mission to determine the overall organizational goals given period, which decided on the lower level of responsibility and targets, and these As the organizational and operational objectives, evaluation and reward individual contributions of each unit and the standard.

Management by objectives guiding ideology is based on the theory of Y, namely that the targeted conditions, people are able to themselves. Target management and traditional management of common elements: clear goals, participation in decision making, deadlines, feedback performance.

The specific method is the further development of Taylor's scientific management. Compared with the traditional management methods have distinct characteristics, can be summarized as follows:

1, emphasis on the human factor.

Target management is a participatory, democratic, self-control management system, but also a personal needs with organizational goals to combine management system. Under this system, the relationship between higher and lower levels of equality, respect, dependence, support, commitment to goals and was lower in the authorization is conscious, independent and autonomous.

2, the establishment of goals and objectives chain system.

Management by objectives through specially designed process, the organization's overall goal of gradual decomposition, convert various units and sub-goals of employees. Business units from the target to the target tissue, to departmental objectives, and finally to personal goals. In the target decomposition process, rights, responsibilities and benefits of the three has been clear, and symmetrical to each other. These goals in the same direction, interlocking, cooperate to form a coherent target system. Only each person completed his sub-objectives, the overall objective of the entire enterprise to complete only hope.

3, focus on results

Target management to set goals as a starting point, the target for the end of the completion of the assessment. Work is to assess the degree of completion of the standard target, but also the personnel evaluation and award-assessment basis for evaluation of management performance as the only sign. As for the process to complete specific objectives, approaches and methods superiors not interfere too much. Therefore, the target management system, monitoring component is small, and the ability to achieve the control objectives is very strong.

Nature of the target

Target said that the final result, while total goals need to be supported by the sub-goals. Thus, the organization and its goals at all levels to form a target network. As task allocation, self-management, performance evaluation and incentive target implementation has the following characteristics: ? hierarchy; ? network performance; ? diversity; ? can assess sex; ? can be realized; ? challenging; ? accompanying information feedback .

(one) the level of target

Organizational goals form a hierarchical system of organization from a wide range of strategic objectives to specific individual goals. This system contains the top-level organizational vision and mission statements. The second level is the organization's mission. In any case, the organization's mission and mandate must be translated into organizational goals and strategies, goals and strategies more distant point in the future organization, and to provide for the organization of the future framework for action. These action framework must be further refined into more concrete action goals and action plans, so that the target system's grassroots, the goal has branches, departments and unit goals, personal goals.

Hierarchy of the organization of the different officers repeatedly participate in different types of targets established. Board of directors and top executives primarily involved in determining the enterprise's mission and mission objectives, key result areas are also involved in more specific in the overall goal. Middle executives such as Vice President, marketing manager or production manager, mainly to establish the key result areas of the target, branch and departmental goals. Grassroots officers primarily concerned departments and units of the objectives and goals of their subordinates to develop.

(Two) the target network
If the target system is a concept from the entire organization to examine the overall goals of the organization, then the destination network is from a specific implementation plan targets for the overall coordination of the work. Program objectives and plans, which are often formed the desired results and outcomes of a network. If the various target is not related to each other without mutual coordination and also do not support each other, then the members of the organization are often taken out of self-interest may seem beneficial to the department and the entire company is unfavorable way. The connotation of the target network performance of the following four points.

1. Goals and plans are rarely linear, that is not followed by a goal to achieve another goal to achieve, and so on. Goals and planning linked with each other to form a network.

2. Managers must ensure that the target network to be coordinated for each component. Not only to coordinate the implementation of various planning and completion of these plans should be coordinated in time.

3. The various departments in the organization to develop their own department's goals, it must be coordinated with other departments. Some studies conclude that a company seems very easy to develop a department entirely suited to its target, but the target was in the business of another department's goals are contradictory.

4. Organizations to develop a variety of targets, it must be coordinated with a number of constraints. Each target enterprise interconnected to form a huge network, so pay attention to co-ordination between the various objectives, but also pay attention to the various objectives and constraints and other factors coordinated.

(Three) the diversity of targets

The main objective of corporate tasks are usually varied. Similarly, in the hierarchy of the target the specific objectives of each level may also be varied. Some people think that a supervisor can not effectively pursue more goals to 2 to 5 is appropriate. The reason is that too many executives overwhelmed target would thus a loss, even more frightening is that executives may cause excessive focus on small targets to the detriment of the main objectives to be achieved. Also suggested that, even excluding the daily routine work, seems to have no target number of qualified, competent person may simultaneously pursue up to 10 ~ 15 important goals. But this conclusion is questionable, if the number of goals, one of which did not matter which one receive sufficient attention, is planning to work is invalid. Therefore, in considering the pursuit of multiple targets simultaneously, each target must distinguish the relative importance.

(Four) objective assessment of available
Objective assessment of the approach is to target quantified. Quantitative targets also tend to lose some of organization and operation efficiency, but control over the activities of the organization, members of the incentive will bring a lot of convenience. Objective assessment of the expression can be such a meaning: People must be able to answer the question, "In the end, how do I know the goal has been accomplished?" For example. Obtain a reasonable profit goal can best be pointed out that the company is profitable or loss-making. But it does not explain how much profit should be made. Because in the minds of different people, "reasonable" explanation is different, it is reasonable for something subordinates. May be completely accepted by the higher leadership. If the disagreement. Subordinate officers generally can not argue. If we explicitly quantify this objective is "to achieve this fiscal year, 10 per cent return on investment," then it "How much? ~ What? ~ When?" Have made a clear answer.

The wording can sometimes use to illustrate the results of evaluation will be more difficult for senior management and government in particular. But the principle is: Whenever possible, we will provide a clear, can the assessment objectives.

(Five) goals acceptability

According to the American Management psychologist Victor Vroom (Victor Vroom) expectations theory, people's enthusiasm in the work or effort (excitation force) is the product of potency and expectations, which refers to a person potency of a tasks and their results (achievable goals) can bring their own satisfaction assessment that the usefulness of the work objectives (value) evaluation; expectations that people on their own to get the job done smoothly likelihood estimates. That is able to achieve the objectives probability estimates. Therefore. If the recipient of a goal to produce its stimulating effect, then the receiver is. This goal must be acceptable, can be accomplished. Against a target completion are concerned, if the goal is the scope that exceeds its capacity, then the goal is no incentive for its role.

(Six) challenging target

Also according to Vroom's expectancy theory, if a work is completed up to the purpose of the recipient does not make much sense to say. The recipient is no incentive to complete the work; if a job easily done for the recipient. Is a breeze events. Then the recipients do not have motivation to complete the task. The so-called "Jump, peaches." That is the truth.

Goals and challenging the admissibility of the relationship between the unity of opposites, but in practical work. We must unite them.

(Seven) goals accompanying information feedback

Feedback is the process of management by objectives, target setting, target implementation constantly feedback to goal setting and implementation of the participants, so that people always know the organization on their own requirements. Own contribution to the situation. If you create a goal plus feedback. Will be able to further enhance staff performance.

In summary, setting objectives, general requirements, the number of targets should not be too large (diversity), including the work of the main features, and as much as possible and explain what must be done to complete, if possible, should also express the desired The quality and to achieve the objectives of the planned cost (to assess sexual). In addition, the target can promote personal and professional growth and development. Members of tools for challenging (acceptability, challenge), and timely feedback to employees target completion (accompanied by information feedback).

Target management features

MBO(Management by objective) characteristics, notably in the following aspects:

1, clear goal.

Researchers and practitioners have long recognized the importance of developing personal goals. Early studies of the University of Maryland found that a clear goal than just asking people to try to do a higher performance, but a high level of performance and a high target is linked. It is noted that in the enterprise, the target skills improvement will continue to raise productivity. However, the target is not limited to the business importance of the development, but also in public organizations are also useful. In many public organization. Common goal ambiguity for managers is a difficult task, but people have been looking for ways to solve this problem.

2, participation in decision making.

MBO The goal is not like a traditional goal setting, as one way to lower the higher the stated objectives, and then broken down into sub-objectives into all levels of the organization, but with a participatory approach to determine the target, the higher and lower levels jointly participate in the selection set each corresponding level objectives set, namely through consultation and down, step by step to develop an overall organizational goals, business unit objectives, thematic until individual goals. Therefore, MBO goal conversion process is a "top-down", but also a "bottom-up".

3, the prescribed time limit.
MBO emphasizes temporality, making each target has a clear time frame requirements, such as a quarter, a year, five years, or in any known environment appropriate period. In most cases, the objectives are established with the annual budget or major project deadlines agreed. But not to be the case, this is mainly depends on the actual situation to be. Some goals should arrange in a very short period of time to complete, while others will have to arrange a longer period of time. Similarly, in a typical case, the lower position at the organizational level, to accomplish the objectives set time is often shorter.

4, evaluating performance.

MBO will continually seek to achieve the goal of progress feedback to individuals so that they can adjust their own actions. That is, subordinates undertake specific individuals for their own performance goals set responsibilities, and has together with the leaders of their superiors check that objective. Therefore, each person's contribution for his department becomes very clear. Of particular importance is that managers should strive to attract subordinates were evaluated pre-established performance goals, and actively participate in the evaluation process, using this to encourage self-evaluation and self-development approach, spur investment in employees' work and to create an incentive environment.

The advantages and disadvantages of management by objectives

Target management as a management the same way as with other management methods has its advantages and disadvantages, it is a destination management organizations in the application should be clearly understood before.
Goal management advantages.
 The advantage of management by objectives has at least five areas:

(1) an incentive. When the goal of becoming the organization at every level, every department and every member of their own future periods as a result want to achieve, and the possibility of realizing quite large, the goal to become members of their intrinsic motivation. Especially when this result is achieved, organizations have the appropriate remuneration, the target of the incentive effect is even greater. Become a motivating factor from the target point of view, this goal is best to organize each level, each department and organizational goals formulated by each member.

(2) effective management. The implementation of target management can honestly improve organizational management efficiency. Management by Objectives way than planned management organizations in advancing the progress of work to ensure that the ultimate goal of complete organizational aspects superior. Because the target management is a result-based management, not just a planned activity type work. This management forced the organization at every level, every department and every member of the first consideration goals, try to accomplish goals because these goals is to organize the overall goal of decomposition, so when the organization at every level, every department and every members of the target is completed, which is organized to achieve the overall goal. The target management, once decomposition targeting, not specified at all levels, all departments and the various members of the organization to complete their objectives ways, means, but gave everyone in the completion of the objectives of an innovative space, which effectively improved the organization and management efficiency.

(3) a clear mandate. Another advantage of management by objectives is to enable managers at all levels and members of the organization are clearly the organization's overall objectives, organizational structure and system, the division of labor and cooperation between organizations and their respective tasks. Clear responsibilities in these areas, making executives also know that in order to achieve targets must be given appropriate powers subordinates, rather than stay at the helm, a small right not scattered. Other hand, many begin to implement the target management company or other organization, usually in the course of implementation of management by objectives will find organizational system defects, thereby helping organizations to transform their own system.

(4) self-management. Management by objectives is actually a self-management approach, or a kind of self-management members of the organization to guide the way. Management by objectives in the implementation process, the members of the organization is no longer just do the work, execution of instructions, waiting for guidance and decision-making guide, members of the organization at this time has become a clearly defined target units or individuals. On the one hand were members of the organization has been involved in the formulation of objectives and obtain the recognition of the organization; the other hand, members of the organization are working hard to achieve their goals in the process, in addition to outside the target has been set, how to achieve their goal is to decide thing, in this sense, goal management can at least be counted as self-management approach is people-oriented management of a transitional tests.

(5) control is effective. Target management itself is a controlled trial, namely, by the decomposition of the target tissue to ensure overall goal to achieve the ultimate realization of the process is the result of a controlled manner. Target management is not a target decomposition down there will be no matter, in fact top of the organization in the destination management process should always check to compare target for competitions to see who is well, if there are deviations to be corrected. From another perspective, if an organization can have a clear assessment of the target system, then it is itself the best basis for supervisory control.

The lack of management by objectives.

Professor Harold Kunz target management despite many advantages, but there are many shortcomings, the lack of such knowledge if you do not know, it may lead to an unsuccessful management by objectives. ? the following points may be the most important goal management deficiencies:

(1) emphasize short-term goals. Most of the target management objectives are usually short-term goal: annual, quarterly, monthly, etc. Easy to decompose more specific short-term goals and long-term goals rather abstract difficult to decompose, the other short-term goals easy to rapidly effective, long-term goal is not. So, in this way the target management facilities, the organization often seems to emphasize short-term goals and long-term goals do not care. If such a concept in depth all aspects of the organization, the organization of all inmates mind and behavior, organizational development will not benefit.

(2) goal setting difficult. Truly difficult to set targets for the assessment, in particular organization is actually an output of the Commonwealth, its output is not easy to break out a combined contribution of the size of the output of who that is our common goals the results of cooperation, such cooperation is difficult to determine how much you have done, he should do much, so you can measure it very difficult to determine the goal. The goal of an organization sometimes only qualitative description, although we want the target to measure, but in fact it is difficult to quantify, such as the organization effectively serve the logistics department members, although they could take some quantitative indicators to measure, but the completion of these indicators You can not say with certainty that reached a "valid service members," this goal.

(3) can not be contingent. During the execution of the target goal management change is not possible because to do so would lead to tissue confusion. In fact the target as soon as it can not easily change, it is precisely such a lack of flexibility makes the organization operates, unable to adapt to changing external contingency environment. Chinese have a saying called "one size fits all" Many people think that this rigid view, non-contingency perspective, in fact, the same is not the so-called organization itself, but the objective laws, will be able to grasp the objective laws of the status quo , which is actually true with a higher level of contingency.

The type of management by objectives

(1) results-oriented management and process-oriented objectives of management by objectives. This is based on the realization of the target process is required to distinguish. The ultimate goal is to target management performance, so fundamentally speaking, goal management, also known as performance management. In fact, any management the aim is to improve performance.

(2) organizational goals management and job management by objectives. This is the ultimate commitment from the target subject to points. Organizational goals management is a top-down system set up in the organization and implementation of goals, gradually from the upper to the lower level concrete, and to adjust and control organizational activities, seeking to achieve its objectives efficiently management methods.

(3) the results of management by objectives and principles of management by objectives. This is based on the degree of target segments to points. Outcomes of management by objectives is to organize the pursuit of the ultimate outcome of the quantitative indicators for the center of the target management.

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Function of management

DETAIL: The Basic management functions
Management functions
1. Planning - is the first feature, the others follow her
2.organization
3.Staffing
4. leadership, motivation - management 
5. checking/Control

PLANNING
The basis of the planning process is to establish the system of business objectives, their relative positions and reconciliation and determine ways to achieve them.Business objectives are twofold:- In general - are common to most businesses (profit maximization)- Specific - ensuring exports, the introduction of a new product, business expansion Effective planning must be flexible to respond to changes that occur in the market. Types of plans by the contents of the plan and time:- Strategic = long; formulate the basic objectives of the company, these plans must be based on detailed analyzes.- Tactical - specifying targets for the period, specifying the means to achieve the objectives - such as financial, technical plan- Operational - based on the specific circumstances, from sources available to the firm, the shortest period - operative plan of production Distribution plans by time: short, medium and long term Plans are focused on customers, employees, business.When scheduling is based on THN = laws which provide resource consumption and labor per unit of output- Consumption standards and fencing work - standard performance (time and amount), service standards, norms numbers of workers- Standard equipment - material consumption, energy consumption standards, norms inventory, capacity standards, standard wear

ORGANIZATION
Defining relations and human resources in meeting certain goals.
The organization creating internal structure scribble, which is due on two basic factors:
a) the division of labor
b) physical and mental capacity
-Increase in labor productivity
-Cut Costs and Prices
Efficient production
you necessarily being retired some coordination which is coordinating role.
Credentials Coordinators = behalf of individuals and activities that are equipped with the necessary powers to issue injunctions subordinate staff.
Organizing involves responsibility and authority.
-Competence, competence
-When moving the level of centralization is
-When moving to a lower degree of decentralization is
Creating organizational structures
organizational activity: the result is the design structure of the organization must respect the fundamental relationship between the management and organizational structure.
Line-org. structure - a clear link between superiors and subordinates
-Functional org. structure - the head has the powers and responsibilities
Line-staff-org. structure - consisting of two basic components (linear, Staff)
-Divisional org. structure - the principle is the creation of the division of powers



STAFFING
An effective organization must have the right people in the right job. It must also be able to reward outstanding performance and help to develop people who need to improve their skills. To meet the challenges of managing work and organizations, managers must understand the potential of human resources and then secure, retain and develop these resources. This is foundation of what is known called STAFFING/HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.
DEFINITION
The staffing function of management is concerned with the acquisition, development and maintenance of efficient and satisfied team of executives in an organization .It involves the recruitment, training, development and appraisal of managerial personnel.
According to Koontz and O` Donnell staffing is the executive function which involves the recruitment, selection, compensating, training, promotion and retirement of employees.
According to George R. Terry, personnel management is concerned with the obtaining and maintaining of satisfied work force

DONARLD P GRANE defines personnel management as a process of supporting the accomplishment of organizational objective by continually acquiring human resource s, integrating employees into the organization, developing employee potential and maintaining the work force.
EDWIN FLIPPO defines personnel management as the process of procuring employees, developing, compensating, integrating, maintaining and separating employees in attempt t achieve organizational objectives.
DONNEL JAMES H.JR Defines HR management as the process of accomplishing organizational objectives by acquiring, retaining, terminating, developing and properly using the human resources in an organization.

Objectives of staffing

    • To build and maintain cordial relations between peoples working at different levels of the organization.
    • To ensure the effective utilization of available human resources
    • To provide fair working conditions, wages and amenities to employees.

Leadership, Motivation-MANAGEMENT
Includes multiple functions, activities
1) motivation and leadership
2) staffing - see question STAFFING AND REMUNERATION
Motivating
Theme - inner impulse that leads a person to a particular act
motivation - such management activity, incite people to a specific meeting
When motivation is used:
1) financial incentives - cash prize
2) moral motivation - praise
Motivation affect leadership styles (authoritarian, democratic, liberal), working conditions (working environment + post)
Stimulus is an external incentive to improve operations. According to new findings have moral impulses of great importance - recognition, a sense of fulfillment, belonging, security, safety
Leadership
This means that the manager directs his subordinates to best meet the objectives.

Work environment - temperature, lighting, noise, dust, pleasant environment (colors, flowers)
Work place - a place where the employee performs mostly his work - table height
If employees work in teams, it also affects the social climate - have influence and informal relationships; given field is devoted to sociology.
Sociology deals with conflicts at work. Reasons: the pay gap, dislike, envy, difference of opinion.

CHECKING/CONTROL
Who manages to simultaneously control
Control and monitoring can be understood in several senses. The management is understood to mean the procedure.
Control is a continuous process, which allows to detect deviations from the actual state and the desired state according to the suggested measures.
Phase control:
First findings of fact - information requirements - objective, timely, accurate
Second A comparison of actual to desired state - finding the causes of deviations and
3rd proposing certain measures
self-control
direct link (task) feedback (performance of tasks)
self-control
Types of inspection
- Summary - applies to all parts of the controlled process
- Random - based on random selection, check the part
- Selection - under a certain rule, does not control the entire unit, but part

DECISION-MAKING
The most important activity of the workload of managers at all levels of the filling.
Decision making and choice
The basic characteristic of the decision is the principle of choice.
-Existence of multiple variants that can achieve the same goal
-Individual variations may differ, the manager must choose the overall best option.
The decision-making process and its breakdown
1st identification of the decision problem
2nd Analysis and problem formulation
3rd variant decision-making
4th determination all reviews
5th determine the effects of variations
6th evaluation of options and choice of options for implementation
7th implementation of the selected option
8th inspection results

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Definition of Management

From Latin managed, management concept refers to the action and the consequence of administering or managing something. In this regard, I must say that managing is to conduct proceedings that make possible the realization of a commercial operation or a desire either. Manage, on the other hand, embraces the ideas of governing, have direct, order or arrange a specific thing or situation.

The notion of management, therefore, extends to the set of procedures that are performed to resolve an issue or realize a project. The management is also the direction or management of a company or business.

Given these meanings could be used as a phrase that permits patent the same, as follows: Peter has been


promoted within your company in recognition of the excellent management has made the front of the area where he was working.

Important is to emphasize that the management, which aims primarily to increase getting optimal results from an industry or company, depends primarily on four pillars through which you can get them to meet the goals set.

In this regard, the first of said struts is what is recognized as a strategy. That is, the set of lines and outlined the steps to be carried out, taking into account factors such as the market or the consumer, to consolidate the actions and make them effective.

The second pillar is the culture or what is the same group of actions to promote the values ??of the company in question, to strengthen it, to reward achievements and to make appropriate decisions. To all this, the third axis joins management: the structure. Under this concept what lies are the actions to promote cooperation, to design ways to share knowledge and to place at the forefront of initiatives to better qualified people.

The fourth and final pillar is the execution is to take appropriate and timely decisions, promote improved productivity and meet the needs of consumers.

It is important to note that there are different types of management. Social management, for example, involves the construction of different spaces to promote and enable the interaction between different actors in society.

Project management, meanwhile, is the discipline that is responsible for organizing and managing resources so that they can fulfill all the work required for a project within the time and budget available.

Another type of management is knowledge management (knowledge management from the English). It is a concept applied in organizations, which refers to the transfer of knowledge and experience between its members. Thus, such a body of knowledge can be used as a resource available to all members of the same organization.

Finally, note that covers environmental management task force aimed at controlling environmental system based on sustainable development. Environmental management is a tactic through which establishes anthropic profile actions that influence the environment in order to achieve optimal quality of life.

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