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Project management is a branch of management science disciplines, refers to the use of project activities specialized knowledge, skills, tools and methods, so that the project can be limited under the conditions of limited resources, to achieve or exceed the needs and expectations set. Project management is successful in reaching some set of objectives and related activities (such as tasks) as a whole. This includes planning, scheduling and maintaining progress of the activities of components.
Introduction
"A project is a temporary organization (temporary) efforts to pay, over a period of time prior confirmation, the use of predetermined resources to output a unique (unique) and can be predefined product, service or result."
"Project management is the use of management knowledge, tools, and techniques to project activities to reach a settlement of the problem or project to achieve the project's needs." So-called management includes leadership (leading), organization (organizing), the employer (staffing), plan (planning), control (controlling) and other five major work.
Project Management (Project Management): the use of a variety of related knowledge, skills, methods and tools, in order to meet or exceed the project concerned demands and expectations of the project, carried out by a variety of planning, organizing, leading, controlling other aspects of the activities .
Basic features
Universality
Project as a one-off and unique social activities prevalent in our human society's activities, and even can be said that humans various existing material and cultural achievements are initially through the project means to achieve, because various existing operators rely on facilities and conditions are initially by the project activity construction or development.
Purpose
Project management of purpose through carry out the project management activities to ensure that meet or exceed the project-related aspects clearly stated project goals or targets and meet the project concerned not clearly defined the potential demand and pursuit.
Uniqueness
Project management is unique is the project management is different from the general production operations management, but also different from the conventional government and unique management content, is a completely different management activities.
Integration
Project management integration is the project's management must be based on specific project elements or the professional arrangement relationship between good integration management, and can not be isolated to carry out projects of various professional or professional managed independently.
Innovative
Project management innovation has two meanings: a project management object (that is, each specific project) itself has certain degree of innovation, so the management of the project also includes a very good innovation.
History
Summary
Project management is developed in the late World War II, a significant new management techniques, originated in the United States. Representative project management techniques such as critical pathway method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), Gantt chart (Gantt chart) put forward, they are two independently developed technologies.
Gantt chart (Gantt chart) called Gantt chart, bar chart (Bar chart). It was invented in World War I, and to Henry · L · Mr. Gantt named, he developed a complete progress bar chart with a sign system.
Where CPM is DuPont and the RAND Corporation in 1957 proposed joint research, it assumes that each activity is to determine the value of working time, with emphasis on costs and cost control.
PERT appeared in 1958, by the Naval Special Projects Agency and Lockheed airlines in the planning and research in nuclear submarine launch of the "Polaris" missile program in the first place. The difference is that the CPM, PERT the operation time is uncertain, is a method to estimate the probability estimates, while it is also not very concerned project costs and cost, time control focus is mainly used contains large amounts of Large-scale uncertainties research projects.
PMP certificate sample
Subsequently two are consistent development trend is often used in combination, in order to achieve optimal control of time and cost.
1960s, project management application is also confined to the construction, defense and aerospace and a few other areas, but because the project management in the U.S. Apollo moon landing project a great success, which swept the globe. Internationally, many people began to project management has generated strong interest, and gradually formed two project management research system, one based on the European-led system - International Project Management Association (IPMA); Also the US-led System - Project Management Institute (PMI). In the past 30 years, their fruitful work to promote international project management has played an active role in modernization.
History of development of project management experts in the 1980s as the boundary of the project management is divided into two stages.
Project Management (project management) is an American first name of the Manhattan Project began. Professor Hua 1950s after the introduction of China (due to historical reasons and the optimization method called co-ordination). Taiwan Province called Project project.
Project management is "management science and engineering" discipline is a branch, is between the natural sciences and the social sciences between a cross-disciplinary.
Developing
World crisis of the Cold War (Soviet launch of Sputnik) prior to project management not useful to do a separate concept. After the crisis, the U.S. Department of Defense needs to accelerate the progress of the project as well as the military accomplish this goal invented new tools (models). In 1958, the United States invented the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), as the Polaris missile submarine program. At the same time, DuPont invented a similar model to become the critical path method (CPM). PERT was later work breakdown structure (WBS) been extended. Military tasks and structure of such a process flow quickly spread into many private enterprises.
As time goes on, more guidance methods have been devised, these methods can be used to formally describe precisely how the project is being managed. These methods include the PMBOK (PMBOK), Personal Software Process (PSP), Team Software Process (TSP), IBM Global project management methodology (WWPMM), PRINCE2. These techniques attempt to standardize the development activities of the group, making it easier predict, manage and track.
Project Management Critical findings: Many PERT-based models are not suitable for today's multi-project company environment. These models most suitable for large-scale, one-off, unconventional projects, while the contemporary management of all activities with expressed in terms of the project. So, for those last several weeks "Project" (even as it is the task) using complex models in many cases lead to unnecessary costs and low maneuverability. Therefore, the project to identify different lightweight models, such as software development, Extreme Programming and Scrum techniques. For other types of projects undertaken by a generalization of Extreme Programming approach is called extreme project management.
Management methods
Risk Control
*By controlling the risk to manage the project.
*Created and maintained for each project risk statistics.
*Trace roots of risks, not just the last nasty results.
*Assessment of the probability of each risk concrete and possible overhead.
*For each risk, predictive signs early signs of its concrete.
*Appointment of a risk control officer, this person should not maintain the organization "can do" attitude.
*Create a simple (probably anonymous) channel, so that the bad news can be delivered to the top.
Ten Principles
1) must first sharpen his tools;
2 )correct, the words ring true, the words ring true then nothing will be accomplished;
3 ) of their body is not to make the trip;
4 ) Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste;
5 ) Preparation may quicken the work;
6 ) balanced;
7 ) No rules no standards;
8 ) haste makes waste;
9 ) Many hands make light;
10) I do not know words, no to Appreciating also.
Precautions
1, the project team was established
Set up a project group is the first element of the success of the project, no project group, project management will be impossible. Set up a project group generally includes the following aspects: project background, objectives, leadership group, execution groups, schedules, etc. Project Background and objectives set relatively easy to determine, but the leadership group and the group performed the establishment of the project team will test the wisdom.
First, the project leader team leader who, under normal circumstances, large projects, will find a people in high positions of power re-play leader, however, that people are generally more things, a business trip for a long time, hard to really participate to the operation of the project were. On the other hand, he need only look to control the direction and control of pace. So, you can let the person authorized to conduct a comprehensive, looking for a job a little low, but the body can be one of the people involved in the project to assist people to play.
Second, the project implementation group personnel arrangements, involving several departments, to arrange several department heads. Here we must know that, although the department responsible for the project team responsible person executed, but in practice often arrange department head to one of the men involved, so arrange this man's work, the need for timely notification department heads, if not , the need for timely substitutions.
2, pay attention to corporate direction
The existence of a project team with the goal of not just whether a project work completed, the company may also focus on whether the work is changed, it is the company "wind" changed.
The original corporate executives are very concerned about the project, and slowly became no longer cared for, and this time, you have to pay attention to, whether you want to stop the project team. The project team's focus is not static, a certain stage what work needs to be done, what kind of work is the key, what work is outdated, the project leader must have a high sensitivity.
Winds from the business enterprise can work each month and about 12 regular meeting next month, what is the focus of the work, generally in the high-level working briefing document. As project leader of it, to understand what the project team needs to strengthen its efforts to do what is already done and can no longer continue. You can not wait until high-level direct telephone, allowing the project to do, you know, "wind" has been changed.
3, project planning and incentive
In general, the project team set up, the project will be planned and incentives. Project team planning including time content planning, project division of labor, the project system. Once the project starts, the project into operation among the posting notice what time, what time the material in place, what time to start regular work, do marketing, channel unit what to do, these must be clear.
The project can not be less incentive, many business managers believe that the project team is arranged by the company, do not need any motivation.
The author does not agree with this view, the project staff after all "extra" work, there must be incentives to stimulate. Author believes that: the project team with positive incentive-based, there is little incentive small projects, big projects with large incentives, disincentives used with caution.
Sometimes the term, some department heads to participate much, he just arrange subordinate staff involved in the project group, this time need not inspire? Author considers it necessary, because after all he is project participants boss, subordinates his attitude determines the level of participation, therefore, the need for incentives.
4, strict supervision
People are born are inert and can drag on drag, this time, it is necessary to strictly supervise. Authors believe: no urge no results. Urge not only direct face to face ask others to do things, you can have a variety of ways. For example: Project meeting, bulk mail, schedule notification, etc.
Project Team Leader to learn some "upward management" tools, such as e-mail, such as letters of liaison work, job reminders. Project leader can not handle things, you may see your work reminds executives, a telephone on the arrangements implemented, so be sure to learn how to use these tools.
The project team will always be some people diligent little lazy some people some of the time we should reward those who actively urge the latecomers. Stage can be used to reward regular briefing, who should be well rewarded promptly.
5, diligent communication
Diligent communication, dare to communicate, whether it is on, or the next, are necessary.
First is, be sure to project leadership team leader with good communication, bold communication, diligent reporting, especially early in the project, senior leaders do not understand you, I do not know whether you can be competent, therefore, you will scruples, afraid you can not afford, this time, you have the courage to express yourself, show your position: I can.
Projects into the normal track, the communication can not be less, so that the leaders must know the progress of the project in a timely manner, their hearts bottom.
The next communication, we should be bold "harassment" of others, in addition to supervision, and ask others to do things, but also find time for pulling homemade, talk about the heart of the class. If the project funds permitting, the project team can have dinner, sports activities, etc., to enhance communication.
6, the working charm
Finally and very important point of view, to tell me the same level of colleagues "for" you do things, the authors believe, not just the project team gives you the right to reward and punishment, more work is your personal charm can infect them. Project team leader must take the lead to do, speed, style, professional, are indispensable. They must do a good job, doing positive than others, more professional, more investment, you just may go touched each other, to encourage each other.
Form of management
1, A set of project management specialized agencies, specialized management of projects. Large-scale projects, job complexity, time constraints; project uncertainty, there are many new technologies, new situations and new problems need to continue to study and solve; Moreover, implementation of the project involves many departments and units, the need for mutual cooperation, collaboration research. Thus, this should be set individually specialized agencies, with some full-time staff, specialized management of projects.
2, set the project full-time management staff, professional management of projects. Some of the smaller size of the project, work less complicated, and time is not too tight, not many projects uncertainties involved units and departments are not many, but the outlook is uncertain, we still need to strengthen the organization and coordination, for this project can only appoint full-time staff: coordinated management to help enterprises with the relevant leaders in charge of the various departments and units to contact the tasks, supervision and inspection and, if necessary, can also be a full-time staffing assistant.
3, set the project manager, the project management of the temporary authorization. Some projects of scale, complexity, involving the amount somewhere between the surface and the coordination between the two cases, for such projects, the need to set up specialized agencies is not too large, set the project full-time staff are also worried that fewer personnel strength thin difficult to be competent, or give business leaders concerned to increase the amount of unnecessary administration, you can put the first form of specialized agencies set up by the designated authorities to replace, you can set the second form of full-time coordinator to replace by the project officer and temporarily granted the appropriate authority, the competent authorities or officers of the original functions into full play the role or job responsibilities at the same time, solely responsible for the planning, organization and control.
4, set the matrix form of organization structure, the integrated management of the project. The so-called "matrix" is a concept borrowed mathematics matrix column to multiple cells by rampant combined into a rectangle. Matrix structure is managed by a system consisting of two vertical and horizontal rectangular structure. - Sleeve is vertical departmental functions system, another set is composed of horizontal project by the project system. The project system is running transverse to the longitudinal departmental functions overlap between the two systems together, we form a matrix.
Embody qualities
Project management is a leading people to achieve goals under conditions of uncertainty art. "Attention, project management is the" art "rather than" science. "Dealing with uncertainty no dogma, no shortcuts, however, and other art, you can use the principles in project management, you can also learn from the experts project management. As a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Sports coaches at every game experience in dealing with uncertainty, project managers are learning a great example of effective project management. Given that, as a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Qualities one: managing
You can not eliminate uncertainty, but if you are in the right position on the right people, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.
Second qualities: full study
While uncertainty is not a choice, but that does not mean that the coaches in the game comes without preparation. Instead, they do a lot of research before the game work with their team members to see the video game - his team and the opponent before the game. They studied where playing well, where playing well, and needs to be improved. They analyze the other teams in how to deal with different game, his players and how do use these information to decide what should practice, what aspects need to organize, improve, how should against opponents and so on.
You should also lessons from previous projects, analyze what practices are effective and which are invalid. Similarly, while your opponent may not exist (though from an organizational point of view of political opponents you are there), you still need a clear understanding of your stakeholders. This includes what you want to know who will be the biggest impact, what's the greatest influence, and how to communicate with each stakeholder groups.
Third qualities: a plan
After doing a thorough research, the coach can integrate the use of information formed strategic approach to the game, the design style of play for the team to set specific goals. If the target is not reached, or the team are not effectively enforced - regardless of the process there is no adjustment programs - they will analyze the reasons before the next race.
Define the objectives and strategies for your project is equally important. You should not only consider the functional objectives, but also consider the performance target (using the terminology of the test, such as product performance, team performance, etc.). You should be level from the perspective of functionality, scheduling methods, team structure and the other angles, how to carry out the project to develop the strategy. Each project is different, "universal" approach is not desirable.
Fourth qualities: the gradual implementation
Although sports coaches to develop strategies and goals, and even specific preparations made a game, they do not put the whole game plan listed. To do so would seem ridiculous, because every game depends on the development of the game in the state of affairs as well as the specific circumstances of the race occurred. All play into a wide selection of toolbox. Even if you plan a very high level coaches will adjust strategies and objectives, to ensure victory. They phased plan competitions are often designed in a way to take time.
Your project must also be implemented gradually and constantly correct, repeat the process using the rolling plan or approach to the problem can not be accurately predicted in advance. Review by timing problems where problems occur you firmly in control of the scope (prerequisite is the number of repetitions is set in advance, or you have a way to know when the "game over").
You can also use the "script" rehearsal method. As coaches prepare a variety of play for a rainy day, as you can will be able to form alternative fitted to a list of things, put in your toolbox spare. This list is generally not part of the project plan, but as a working part of the content (for example, work breakdown structure can not be decomposed in the lowest level or the lowest level of work can be delivered), and these work-related personnel may, in appropriate When using this list, do a good job every detail.
Fifth qualities: Facing Changes
First, the concept of a coach, uncertainty is not an option. Opponents, the weather, the team's injury, other teams how to deal with each game and various other factors that are uncertain. Each coach is clear, though carefully planned in advance there, these uncertainties still exist. A good coach will expect that, due to the game, or what happened in a certain period, each program will have changed.
As a project manager, you also have to treat this idea the project preparation. Of course, you must analyze the risks, but also reserves the power to change plans when necessary, you may even need to set the stage pause, decide whether the program should be implemented as scheduled. In fact, if you are in the project initially recognized the existence of uncertainty and make a response plan, once the uncertain things happen, you will be more prepared to fight.
Six traits: use media
When you know the coach is most needed thing is to concentrate on planning and communication, you'll understand why a coach needs a variety of administrative support staff. Only means of communication between the players and the management and communication, but also communication with the public. Therefore, a coach must not only understand how to build and lead a team, but also know how to communicate with the media.
Similarly, the project manager also needs to concentrate on planning and communication. While not every project needs and the media to communicate, but most require open meetings and a group of stakeholders to communicate.
Aware of this, the smart project manager should learn public relations, communication and presentation skills. Research has shown that the evaluation of the success of a project is often based only on the frequency and effectiveness of communication, regardless of whether the project on schedule or within budget. With effective communication and public relations, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.
Implementation of the project
Work content
1, the project preliminary investigations, collect and collate relevant information, to develop a preliminary project feasibility study report, to provide advice to decision-makers. Synergies to develop and declare the project report material.
2, the project needs analysis and planning.
3, on the part of the project or module complete system design.
4, project objectives and project planning, project schedule.
5, project execution and control of the basic plan.
6, the establishment of project management information systems.
7, the project process control, with the upper management of the project should be well controlled.
8, tracking and analysis costs.
9, recorded and upper management to communicate project information.
10, managing project issues, risks and changes.
11, the project team building.
12, the project departments, members of the responsibilities, authority to develop
13, various departments and coordination between the project team and the organization of the project training.
14, process control operation of the project
15, the project manager and project evaluation.
16, understand and implement the company's long-term and short-term guidelines and policies to guide the company to carry out all the projects.
Tool
To realize the project of enterprise management, project management needs to meet a set of ideas management tool collar corporate executive and communication platform degree core mechanism is to realize the project of corporate management, life cycle management of both projects can also manage routine affairs can also be set up for the project products or customers, or even to specific staff for project management.
Project management software need to meet the following characteristics:
Simplify project management processes, lightweight project management
Reduce dependence on project managers, project members to participate in project management. Project Management Press "Project ? Tasks ? Event" means, "top-down" to carry out the work of the deployment, mobility and resource allocation. Project implementation will follow all of the information related to "Event ? Tasks ? Project" approach, "bottom up" to summarize the data and charts display technology.
Single comprehensive project management
In doing project management, the need to take into account all aspects of project management such as: project resource allocation, stage of the division, project milestones settings. Need to have a sound project task management, team management, financial management, contract management, document management, time management, and performance management.
Communication platform with the project
Only good communication, can we talk about project management. Collar degree in communications software platforms, using the activity stream mode recording project implementation process, the driving force of the project execution. By type of activity micro blogging stream the project implementation process of communication records, and synchronize the information related to the project, related to the tasks associated with the client, to associate colleagues. Such communication records will exist in the project activity streams, tasks, activity streams, customer activity stream, personal activity stream, to facilitate ex post fact, a knowledge of the essence to facilitate the formation of enterprise knowledge base record, conducive to tradition, on the other hand to eliminate information silos, reduce passing phenomenon, accountable, to avoid passing the buck between departments.
Multi-project management
To meet a single comprehensive project management, but also need to be competent multi-project management, project data will be refined into various dynamic graphics, providing a strong basis for decision making to management. For example, in multi-project management has the following data graphic:
1 Item lane diagram - show all project inputs and earnings;
2 Project dynamic map - show all projects to promote the situation;
3 Project time to evaluate - to show all the human cost of investment projects;
4 Project Quarterly Review - show all items of receipts, payments and contract funding tools;
5 Project Gantt chart - provides planning and tracking Gantt chart Gantt chart, you can master the task of planning and execution of tasks, to understand the progress of the work.
Advantage of online project management tools
1, sharing, easy to use
2, the process of the project and documentation to systematic management
3, lower cost
4, for distributed offices and telecommuting can be a free trial
5, very suitable for small and medium enterprises, some of the smaller version is available free of charge for a limited number of projects and users
6, provides a breakthrough in space and time constraints collaborative work management platform.
Online Project Management Tools Resources
At home and abroad for various industries are using online project management software: MyToDoListPHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, Wang Tian information Appfarm, Google Spreadsheets, etc. The online free (trial) project management software are: Zen project management software Basecamp, Comindwoork, GoPlan, Trikr, easy degrees (SaaS model), TeamOffice (SaaS model) and so on.
Which MyToDoList PHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, TeamOffice (SaaS model). SMEs and project teams is very suitable For some industries, because of its complex project management most need to customize their project management processes, Wang Tian information Appfarm to meet these business needs.
Elements
As we all know, the project's execution management system in the framework of the project on time, quality, and quantity to complete the task of ability, he reflects the plans and objectives of the project implementation, hence improve project execution is good project management critical. But how can it improve project execution?
1 To carry out project supervision, management and supervision mechanism for the formation of
In project management, project monitoring team which established clear areas of responsibility, the establishment of monitoring systems, specifically on the implementation and results of the project supervision and inspection, effectively promote the project according to the scheduled time, progress, quality to complete, in order to ensure the implementation of the upgrade project.
2 improve management quality, and enhance awareness of the project execution
Project managers should have good coordination organizational skills, able to actively working with internal and external communication and coordination of multi-level personnel can adjust the atmosphere of the entire project team. In the face of critical or difficult issue, they can analyze problems, to guide project members to solve problems, develop project team members the ability to solve problems themselves.
Through education and guidance, so that each project managers know, the project's success is inseparable from good execution, when the scope of the project or plan has been determined, the execution becomes critical.
3. Improve project management responsibility, strict implementation of project management approach
Through efforts to create a culture of project execution, making sense of responsibility for project management of every worker intrinsic motivation. Emphasis on project management personnel in formulating management measures prior to carry out a feasibility study for the project implementation, provide the basis for the implementation basis. In the implementation, project management personnel in strict accordance with project management approach, to know how to perform, execute and to what extent. When the results did not achieve the desired goal, it is necessary to know the reasons for not running in place.
4 to create a good project execution environment, to ensure the quality of project implementation
Project management through regular meetings held so that project members for open communication, careful analysis and summary. Project management must establish a sense of quality, which all care about the quality, all of them pay attention to quality in our community.
5 process-oriented management to take timely preventive and corrective measures
In the project implementation process, the project manager on a regular or occasional feedback to the relevant leaders, so keep abreast of relevant leadership progress of project work for the timely evaluation of the process, while also leading the results timely feedback to project management persons, and suggestions for improvement requirements.
Introduction
"A project is a temporary organization (temporary) efforts to pay, over a period of time prior confirmation, the use of predetermined resources to output a unique (unique) and can be predefined product, service or result."
"Project management is the use of management knowledge, tools, and techniques to project activities to reach a settlement of the problem or project to achieve the project's needs." So-called management includes leadership (leading), organization (organizing), the employer (staffing), plan (planning), control (controlling) and other five major work.
Project Management (Project Management): the use of a variety of related knowledge, skills, methods and tools, in order to meet or exceed the project concerned demands and expectations of the project, carried out by a variety of planning, organizing, leading, controlling other aspects of the activities .
Basic features
Universality
Project as a one-off and unique social activities prevalent in our human society's activities, and even can be said that humans various existing material and cultural achievements are initially through the project means to achieve, because various existing operators rely on facilities and conditions are initially by the project activity construction or development.
Purpose
Project management of purpose through carry out the project management activities to ensure that meet or exceed the project-related aspects clearly stated project goals or targets and meet the project concerned not clearly defined the potential demand and pursuit.
Uniqueness
Project management is unique is the project management is different from the general production operations management, but also different from the conventional government and unique management content, is a completely different management activities.
Integration
Project management integration is the project's management must be based on specific project elements or the professional arrangement relationship between good integration management, and can not be isolated to carry out projects of various professional or professional managed independently.
Innovative
Project management innovation has two meanings: a project management object (that is, each specific project) itself has certain degree of innovation, so the management of the project also includes a very good innovation.
History
Project management is developed in the late World War II, a significant new management techniques, originated in the United States. Representative project management techniques such as critical pathway method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), Gantt chart (Gantt chart) put forward, they are two independently developed technologies.
Gantt chart (Gantt chart) called Gantt chart, bar chart (Bar chart). It was invented in World War I, and to Henry · L · Mr. Gantt named, he developed a complete progress bar chart with a sign system.
Where CPM is DuPont and the RAND Corporation in 1957 proposed joint research, it assumes that each activity is to determine the value of working time, with emphasis on costs and cost control.
PERT appeared in 1958, by the Naval Special Projects Agency and Lockheed airlines in the planning and research in nuclear submarine launch of the "Polaris" missile program in the first place. The difference is that the CPM, PERT the operation time is uncertain, is a method to estimate the probability estimates, while it is also not very concerned project costs and cost, time control focus is mainly used contains large amounts of Large-scale uncertainties research projects.
PMP certificate sample
Subsequently two are consistent development trend is often used in combination, in order to achieve optimal control of time and cost.
1960s, project management application is also confined to the construction, defense and aerospace and a few other areas, but because the project management in the U.S. Apollo moon landing project a great success, which swept the globe. Internationally, many people began to project management has generated strong interest, and gradually formed two project management research system, one based on the European-led system - International Project Management Association (IPMA); Also the US-led System - Project Management Institute (PMI). In the past 30 years, their fruitful work to promote international project management has played an active role in modernization.
History of development of project management experts in the 1980s as the boundary of the project management is divided into two stages.
Project Management (project management) is an American first name of the Manhattan Project began. Professor Hua 1950s after the introduction of China (due to historical reasons and the optimization method called co-ordination). Taiwan Province called Project project.
Project management is "management science and engineering" discipline is a branch, is between the natural sciences and the social sciences between a cross-disciplinary.
Developing
World crisis of the Cold War (Soviet launch of Sputnik) prior to project management not useful to do a separate concept. After the crisis, the U.S. Department of Defense needs to accelerate the progress of the project as well as the military accomplish this goal invented new tools (models). In 1958, the United States invented the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), as the Polaris missile submarine program. At the same time, DuPont invented a similar model to become the critical path method (CPM). PERT was later work breakdown structure (WBS) been extended. Military tasks and structure of such a process flow quickly spread into many private enterprises.
As time goes on, more guidance methods have been devised, these methods can be used to formally describe precisely how the project is being managed. These methods include the PMBOK (PMBOK), Personal Software Process (PSP), Team Software Process (TSP), IBM Global project management methodology (WWPMM), PRINCE2. These techniques attempt to standardize the development activities of the group, making it easier predict, manage and track.
Project Management Critical findings: Many PERT-based models are not suitable for today's multi-project company environment. These models most suitable for large-scale, one-off, unconventional projects, while the contemporary management of all activities with expressed in terms of the project. So, for those last several weeks "Project" (even as it is the task) using complex models in many cases lead to unnecessary costs and low maneuverability. Therefore, the project to identify different lightweight models, such as software development, Extreme Programming and Scrum techniques. For other types of projects undertaken by a generalization of Extreme Programming approach is called extreme project management.
Management methods
Risk Control
*By controlling the risk to manage the project.
*Created and maintained for each project risk statistics.
*Trace roots of risks, not just the last nasty results.
*Assessment of the probability of each risk concrete and possible overhead.
*For each risk, predictive signs early signs of its concrete.
*Appointment of a risk control officer, this person should not maintain the organization "can do" attitude.
*Create a simple (probably anonymous) channel, so that the bad news can be delivered to the top.
Ten Principles
1) must first sharpen his tools;
2 )correct, the words ring true, the words ring true then nothing will be accomplished;
3 ) of their body is not to make the trip;
4 ) Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste;
5 ) Preparation may quicken the work;
6 ) balanced;
7 ) No rules no standards;
8 ) haste makes waste;
9 ) Many hands make light;
10) I do not know words, no to Appreciating also.
Precautions
1, the project team was established
Set up a project group is the first element of the success of the project, no project group, project management will be impossible. Set up a project group generally includes the following aspects: project background, objectives, leadership group, execution groups, schedules, etc. Project Background and objectives set relatively easy to determine, but the leadership group and the group performed the establishment of the project team will test the wisdom.
First, the project leader team leader who, under normal circumstances, large projects, will find a people in high positions of power re-play leader, however, that people are generally more things, a business trip for a long time, hard to really participate to the operation of the project were. On the other hand, he need only look to control the direction and control of pace. So, you can let the person authorized to conduct a comprehensive, looking for a job a little low, but the body can be one of the people involved in the project to assist people to play.
Second, the project implementation group personnel arrangements, involving several departments, to arrange several department heads. Here we must know that, although the department responsible for the project team responsible person executed, but in practice often arrange department head to one of the men involved, so arrange this man's work, the need for timely notification department heads, if not , the need for timely substitutions.
2, pay attention to corporate direction
The existence of a project team with the goal of not just whether a project work completed, the company may also focus on whether the work is changed, it is the company "wind" changed.
The original corporate executives are very concerned about the project, and slowly became no longer cared for, and this time, you have to pay attention to, whether you want to stop the project team. The project team's focus is not static, a certain stage what work needs to be done, what kind of work is the key, what work is outdated, the project leader must have a high sensitivity.
Winds from the business enterprise can work each month and about 12 regular meeting next month, what is the focus of the work, generally in the high-level working briefing document. As project leader of it, to understand what the project team needs to strengthen its efforts to do what is already done and can no longer continue. You can not wait until high-level direct telephone, allowing the project to do, you know, "wind" has been changed.
3, project planning and incentive
In general, the project team set up, the project will be planned and incentives. Project team planning including time content planning, project division of labor, the project system. Once the project starts, the project into operation among the posting notice what time, what time the material in place, what time to start regular work, do marketing, channel unit what to do, these must be clear.
The project can not be less incentive, many business managers believe that the project team is arranged by the company, do not need any motivation.
The author does not agree with this view, the project staff after all "extra" work, there must be incentives to stimulate. Author believes that: the project team with positive incentive-based, there is little incentive small projects, big projects with large incentives, disincentives used with caution.
Sometimes the term, some department heads to participate much, he just arrange subordinate staff involved in the project group, this time need not inspire? Author considers it necessary, because after all he is project participants boss, subordinates his attitude determines the level of participation, therefore, the need for incentives.
4, strict supervision
People are born are inert and can drag on drag, this time, it is necessary to strictly supervise. Authors believe: no urge no results. Urge not only direct face to face ask others to do things, you can have a variety of ways. For example: Project meeting, bulk mail, schedule notification, etc.
Project Team Leader to learn some "upward management" tools, such as e-mail, such as letters of liaison work, job reminders. Project leader can not handle things, you may see your work reminds executives, a telephone on the arrangements implemented, so be sure to learn how to use these tools.
The project team will always be some people diligent little lazy some people some of the time we should reward those who actively urge the latecomers. Stage can be used to reward regular briefing, who should be well rewarded promptly.
5, diligent communication
Diligent communication, dare to communicate, whether it is on, or the next, are necessary.
First is, be sure to project leadership team leader with good communication, bold communication, diligent reporting, especially early in the project, senior leaders do not understand you, I do not know whether you can be competent, therefore, you will scruples, afraid you can not afford, this time, you have the courage to express yourself, show your position: I can.
Projects into the normal track, the communication can not be less, so that the leaders must know the progress of the project in a timely manner, their hearts bottom.
The next communication, we should be bold "harassment" of others, in addition to supervision, and ask others to do things, but also find time for pulling homemade, talk about the heart of the class. If the project funds permitting, the project team can have dinner, sports activities, etc., to enhance communication.
6, the working charm
Finally and very important point of view, to tell me the same level of colleagues "for" you do things, the authors believe, not just the project team gives you the right to reward and punishment, more work is your personal charm can infect them. Project team leader must take the lead to do, speed, style, professional, are indispensable. They must do a good job, doing positive than others, more professional, more investment, you just may go touched each other, to encourage each other.
Form of management
1, A set of project management specialized agencies, specialized management of projects. Large-scale projects, job complexity, time constraints; project uncertainty, there are many new technologies, new situations and new problems need to continue to study and solve; Moreover, implementation of the project involves many departments and units, the need for mutual cooperation, collaboration research. Thus, this should be set individually specialized agencies, with some full-time staff, specialized management of projects.
2, set the project full-time management staff, professional management of projects. Some of the smaller size of the project, work less complicated, and time is not too tight, not many projects uncertainties involved units and departments are not many, but the outlook is uncertain, we still need to strengthen the organization and coordination, for this project can only appoint full-time staff: coordinated management to help enterprises with the relevant leaders in charge of the various departments and units to contact the tasks, supervision and inspection and, if necessary, can also be a full-time staffing assistant.
3, set the project manager, the project management of the temporary authorization. Some projects of scale, complexity, involving the amount somewhere between the surface and the coordination between the two cases, for such projects, the need to set up specialized agencies is not too large, set the project full-time staff are also worried that fewer personnel strength thin difficult to be competent, or give business leaders concerned to increase the amount of unnecessary administration, you can put the first form of specialized agencies set up by the designated authorities to replace, you can set the second form of full-time coordinator to replace by the project officer and temporarily granted the appropriate authority, the competent authorities or officers of the original functions into full play the role or job responsibilities at the same time, solely responsible for the planning, organization and control.
4, set the matrix form of organization structure, the integrated management of the project. The so-called "matrix" is a concept borrowed mathematics matrix column to multiple cells by rampant combined into a rectangle. Matrix structure is managed by a system consisting of two vertical and horizontal rectangular structure. - Sleeve is vertical departmental functions system, another set is composed of horizontal project by the project system. The project system is running transverse to the longitudinal departmental functions overlap between the two systems together, we form a matrix.
Embody qualities
Project management is a leading people to achieve goals under conditions of uncertainty art. "Attention, project management is the" art "rather than" science. "Dealing with uncertainty no dogma, no shortcuts, however, and other art, you can use the principles in project management, you can also learn from the experts project management. As a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Sports coaches at every game experience in dealing with uncertainty, project managers are learning a great example of effective project management. Given that, as a project manager you can look at the seven sports coaches worth learning characteristics.
Qualities one: managing
You can not eliminate uncertainty, but if you are in the right position on the right people, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.
Second qualities: full study
While uncertainty is not a choice, but that does not mean that the coaches in the game comes without preparation. Instead, they do a lot of research before the game work with their team members to see the video game - his team and the opponent before the game. They studied where playing well, where playing well, and needs to be improved. They analyze the other teams in how to deal with different game, his players and how do use these information to decide what should practice, what aspects need to organize, improve, how should against opponents and so on.
You should also lessons from previous projects, analyze what practices are effective and which are invalid. Similarly, while your opponent may not exist (though from an organizational point of view of political opponents you are there), you still need a clear understanding of your stakeholders. This includes what you want to know who will be the biggest impact, what's the greatest influence, and how to communicate with each stakeholder groups.
Third qualities: a plan
After doing a thorough research, the coach can integrate the use of information formed strategic approach to the game, the design style of play for the team to set specific goals. If the target is not reached, or the team are not effectively enforced - regardless of the process there is no adjustment programs - they will analyze the reasons before the next race.
Define the objectives and strategies for your project is equally important. You should not only consider the functional objectives, but also consider the performance target (using the terminology of the test, such as product performance, team performance, etc.). You should be level from the perspective of functionality, scheduling methods, team structure and the other angles, how to carry out the project to develop the strategy. Each project is different, "universal" approach is not desirable.
Fourth qualities: the gradual implementation
Although sports coaches to develop strategies and goals, and even specific preparations made a game, they do not put the whole game plan listed. To do so would seem ridiculous, because every game depends on the development of the game in the state of affairs as well as the specific circumstances of the race occurred. All play into a wide selection of toolbox. Even if you plan a very high level coaches will adjust strategies and objectives, to ensure victory. They phased plan competitions are often designed in a way to take time.
Your project must also be implemented gradually and constantly correct, repeat the process using the rolling plan or approach to the problem can not be accurately predicted in advance. Review by timing problems where problems occur you firmly in control of the scope (prerequisite is the number of repetitions is set in advance, or you have a way to know when the "game over").
You can also use the "script" rehearsal method. As coaches prepare a variety of play for a rainy day, as you can will be able to form alternative fitted to a list of things, put in your toolbox spare. This list is generally not part of the project plan, but as a working part of the content (for example, work breakdown structure can not be decomposed in the lowest level or the lowest level of work can be delivered), and these work-related personnel may, in appropriate When using this list, do a good job every detail.
Fifth qualities: Facing Changes
First, the concept of a coach, uncertainty is not an option. Opponents, the weather, the team's injury, other teams how to deal with each game and various other factors that are uncertain. Each coach is clear, though carefully planned in advance there, these uncertainties still exist. A good coach will expect that, due to the game, or what happened in a certain period, each program will have changed.
As a project manager, you also have to treat this idea the project preparation. Of course, you must analyze the risks, but also reserves the power to change plans when necessary, you may even need to set the stage pause, decide whether the program should be implemented as scheduled. In fact, if you are in the project initially recognized the existence of uncertainty and make a response plan, once the uncertain things happen, you will be more prepared to fight.
Six traits: use media
When you know the coach is most needed thing is to concentrate on planning and communication, you'll understand why a coach needs a variety of administrative support staff. Only means of communication between the players and the management and communication, but also communication with the public. Therefore, a coach must not only understand how to build and lead a team, but also know how to communicate with the media.
Similarly, the project manager also needs to concentrate on planning and communication. While not every project needs and the media to communicate, but most require open meetings and a group of stakeholders to communicate.
Aware of this, the smart project manager should learn public relations, communication and presentation skills. Research has shown that the evaluation of the success of a project is often based only on the frequency and effectiveness of communication, regardless of whether the project on schedule or within budget. With effective communication and public relations, you can reduce the impact of uncertainty.
Implementation of the project
1, the project preliminary investigations, collect and collate relevant information, to develop a preliminary project feasibility study report, to provide advice to decision-makers. Synergies to develop and declare the project report material.
2, the project needs analysis and planning.
3, on the part of the project or module complete system design.
4, project objectives and project planning, project schedule.
5, project execution and control of the basic plan.
6, the establishment of project management information systems.
7, the project process control, with the upper management of the project should be well controlled.
8, tracking and analysis costs.
9, recorded and upper management to communicate project information.
10, managing project issues, risks and changes.
11, the project team building.
12, the project departments, members of the responsibilities, authority to develop
13, various departments and coordination between the project team and the organization of the project training.
14, process control operation of the project
15, the project manager and project evaluation.
16, understand and implement the company's long-term and short-term guidelines and policies to guide the company to carry out all the projects.
Tool
To realize the project of enterprise management, project management needs to meet a set of ideas management tool collar corporate executive and communication platform degree core mechanism is to realize the project of corporate management, life cycle management of both projects can also manage routine affairs can also be set up for the project products or customers, or even to specific staff for project management.
Project management software need to meet the following characteristics:
Simplify project management processes, lightweight project management
Reduce dependence on project managers, project members to participate in project management. Project Management Press "Project ? Tasks ? Event" means, "top-down" to carry out the work of the deployment, mobility and resource allocation. Project implementation will follow all of the information related to "Event ? Tasks ? Project" approach, "bottom up" to summarize the data and charts display technology.
Single comprehensive project management
In doing project management, the need to take into account all aspects of project management such as: project resource allocation, stage of the division, project milestones settings. Need to have a sound project task management, team management, financial management, contract management, document management, time management, and performance management.
Communication platform with the project
Only good communication, can we talk about project management. Collar degree in communications software platforms, using the activity stream mode recording project implementation process, the driving force of the project execution. By type of activity micro blogging stream the project implementation process of communication records, and synchronize the information related to the project, related to the tasks associated with the client, to associate colleagues. Such communication records will exist in the project activity streams, tasks, activity streams, customer activity stream, personal activity stream, to facilitate ex post fact, a knowledge of the essence to facilitate the formation of enterprise knowledge base record, conducive to tradition, on the other hand to eliminate information silos, reduce passing phenomenon, accountable, to avoid passing the buck between departments.
Multi-project management
To meet a single comprehensive project management, but also need to be competent multi-project management, project data will be refined into various dynamic graphics, providing a strong basis for decision making to management. For example, in multi-project management has the following data graphic:
1 Item lane diagram - show all project inputs and earnings;
2 Project dynamic map - show all projects to promote the situation;
3 Project time to evaluate - to show all the human cost of investment projects;
4 Project Quarterly Review - show all items of receipts, payments and contract funding tools;
5 Project Gantt chart - provides planning and tracking Gantt chart Gantt chart, you can master the task of planning and execution of tasks, to understand the progress of the work.
Advantage of online project management tools
1, sharing, easy to use
2, the process of the project and documentation to systematic management
3, lower cost
4, for distributed offices and telecommuting can be a free trial
5, very suitable for small and medium enterprises, some of the smaller version is available free of charge for a limited number of projects and users
6, provides a breakthrough in space and time constraints collaborative work management platform.
Online Project Management Tools Resources
At home and abroad for various industries are using online project management software: MyToDoListPHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, Wang Tian information Appfarm, Google Spreadsheets, etc. The online free (trial) project management software are: Zen project management software Basecamp, Comindwoork, GoPlan, Trikr, easy degrees (SaaS model), TeamOffice (SaaS model) and so on.
Which MyToDoList PHP, Baihui PM, Zoho PM, TeamOffice (SaaS model). SMEs and project teams is very suitable For some industries, because of its complex project management most need to customize their project management processes, Wang Tian information Appfarm to meet these business needs.
Elements
As we all know, the project's execution management system in the framework of the project on time, quality, and quantity to complete the task of ability, he reflects the plans and objectives of the project implementation, hence improve project execution is good project management critical. But how can it improve project execution?
1 To carry out project supervision, management and supervision mechanism for the formation of
In project management, project monitoring team which established clear areas of responsibility, the establishment of monitoring systems, specifically on the implementation and results of the project supervision and inspection, effectively promote the project according to the scheduled time, progress, quality to complete, in order to ensure the implementation of the upgrade project.
2 improve management quality, and enhance awareness of the project execution
Project managers should have good coordination organizational skills, able to actively working with internal and external communication and coordination of multi-level personnel can adjust the atmosphere of the entire project team. In the face of critical or difficult issue, they can analyze problems, to guide project members to solve problems, develop project team members the ability to solve problems themselves.
Through education and guidance, so that each project managers know, the project's success is inseparable from good execution, when the scope of the project or plan has been determined, the execution becomes critical.
3. Improve project management responsibility, strict implementation of project management approach
Through efforts to create a culture of project execution, making sense of responsibility for project management of every worker intrinsic motivation. Emphasis on project management personnel in formulating management measures prior to carry out a feasibility study for the project implementation, provide the basis for the implementation basis. In the implementation, project management personnel in strict accordance with project management approach, to know how to perform, execute and to what extent. When the results did not achieve the desired goal, it is necessary to know the reasons for not running in place.
4 to create a good project execution environment, to ensure the quality of project implementation
Project management through regular meetings held so that project members for open communication, careful analysis and summary. Project management must establish a sense of quality, which all care about the quality, all of them pay attention to quality in our community.
5 process-oriented management to take timely preventive and corrective measures
In the project implementation process, the project manager on a regular or occasional feedback to the relevant leaders, so keep abreast of relevant leadership progress of project work for the timely evaluation of the process, while also leading the results timely feedback to project management persons, and suggestions for improvement requirements.
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Project Management Degree